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Loon Magic - Wayzata Technology (8011) (1993).iso
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05 Making - Balanced Diet
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1993-07-20
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A Balanced Diet
Although loons do eat a lot of fish, they also sample a wide variety
of other prey items. In his <Handbook of North American Birds,>
Ralph S. Palmer estimates the common loon's diet at eighty percent
fish. In fresh water these fish are typically perch, suckers, bullheads,
sunfish, smelt, and various minnows. Some non-finned items like
frogs, salamanders, crayfish and leeches are also on the loon's menu.
An examination of one loon found dead on Squam Lake in New
Hampshire turned up only a collection of crayfish in its stomach.
In his Master's thesis on loons, Sigurd Olson summarized the
results of analyses of twenty-seven stomachs taken from loons
throughout the upper midwest. The information revealed not just
what loons ate, but also how they ate. Of the twenty-seven stomachs,
twenty contained only one species of fish. Apparently when loons
find a good thing they stick with it, feeding- at least for awhile-
exclusively on that species. The most common prey items were
yellow perch (ten loons), suckers (five), and minnows (three). Other
prey found included black crappie (two), walleye (two), northern
pike (one), black bass (one) and pumpkinseed sunfish (one).
The extent of the loon's adaptive feeding behavior is impressive.
In a 1945 study of British Columbia lakes, J.|A. Munro discovered
some common loons living throughout the summer on lakes
containing no fish. Yet, he saw healthy loons in breeding plumage.
Upon inspection of the stomachs of four loons, Munro found only
mollusks, amphipods (small invertebrates) and insects. Loons,
especially chicks, can be vegetarian, eating a variety of aquatic
greens. One juvenile loon found in Minnesota had a gizzard
completely full of vegetable matter.
Less is known about the loon's salt water diet, but at a minimum
herring, sea trout, rock cod, flounder and various crustaceans and
mollusks are on the menu. As in freshwater, availability is probably
a more important factor than flavor.
Whether loons are on salt or fresh water, they spend a lot of time
fishing. They always capture live prey. In his many years on loon
waters, Olson never observed a loon eating a dead fish. Once I tried
to feed a pair of curious loons some dying and dead minnows. Even
though the loons were only thirty feet from my canoe and were
aware, I'm sure, of the minnows hitting the water, they didn't take
the bait. While some captive or injured loons have been known to eat
dead fish, wild loons like to catch their own dinners.